*Resources:* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaVnyn1tSIE&t=813s - -- The text describes the Talking Heads experiment, a groundbreaking scientific project from the late 1990s that explored the emergence of language and meaning in artificial agents. **Core Experiment:** The experiment featured robotic “Talking Heads” - cameras mounted on pan-tilt units that could observe geometric shapes on whiteboards. Multiple robots engaged in language games with each other or human participants, developing their own vocabulary and concepts to describe what they saw. 
“The agents’ categorisations of the world and their language is not programmed but emerges. It is constructed and learned by the agents themselves. The more interactions they have with other humans the more they adopt our concepts and language”. “Language emerges through self-organisation out of local interactions of language users. It spontaneously becomes more complex to increase reliability and optimise transmission across generations of users, without a central designer”. 
“Rather than pre-programming behaviors, the system allows agents to develop their own capabilities through interaction and adaptation. This mirrors your goal of machines discovering unpredictable ways to achieve objectives”. “The experiment involves a set of robotic ‘Talking Heads’ engaged in language games, with each other or with human interlocutors, about real world scenes they perceive through their sensors. The robots use vision as major sensory source. They are located in different places in the world and connected through the Internet. Two robotic agents can only engage in an interaction when they are instantiated in robot bodies in a shared physical environment”. “Each agent has a basic brain architecture with different layers performing the cognitive functions relevant for playing language games: • A perceptual layer which performs low-level signal processing • A conceptual layer which categorises and conceptualises • A lexical layer which maintains an evolving repertoire of associations • A syntactic layer which uses grammatical schemata • A pragmatic layer which carries out the scripts for playing language games”.